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宪法司法化散论——从我国宪法司法第一案谈起/周菁

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宪法司法化散论——从我国宪法司法第一案谈起

周 菁* 王 超**

摘要:近来,最高人民法院就一起民事案件作出的司法解释引发宪法司法化问题。宪法司法化起源于美国,现已成为世界各国普遍的做法。宪法司法化的产生并非偶然,它有着重要意义。然而,长期以来,在我国形成了宪法不能作为裁判直接依据的司法惯例。此次批复为我国实行宪法司法化提供了绝佳机会。不过,在我国法制环境还很不成熟的情况下,实行宪法司法化并非一蹴而就,在实践中可能会遇到一些障碍。

关键词:批复;宪法;司法化


1999年1月29 日,原告齐某以侵犯姓名权和受教育权为由将被告人陈某、陈父以及山东省济宁市商业学校、山东省滕州市第八中学、山东滕州市教育委员会告上法庭。案件要从1990年说起。当年,原告齐某参加中考,被济宁市商业学校录取为90级财会班的委培生,但是齐某就读的滕州市第八中学在收到录取通知书后直接将它送给了和齐某同级的陈某。于是陈某以齐某的名义在该校财会班就读,陈某毕业后被分配在银行工作。直至1999年初,齐某才得知自己被陈某冒名10年的事情。齐某一纸诉状以侵犯姓名权和受教育权为由将上述被告告上法庭,要求上述被告赔偿经济损失16万元和精神损失40万元。

这一则看似简单的民事案件,却给中国司法界出了一个难题。侵犯姓名权在我国的民法通则中有详细的规定,但是侵犯公民的受教育权仅仅是宪法上的权利,除了宪法第四十六条“中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务”之外,没有民法和其他基本法律的保障,基本上是一种处于“悬空”状态的权利。而在我国的审判中也没有直接援用宪法条文进行判决的先例,因此,在法律上这种受教育权虽然有规定但是却无法得到保障。为此,最高人民法院于2001年8月13日颁布司法解释,准许适用宪法条文对原告的宪法权利进行保护[1]。这一批复的出台,开了对公民基本权利的侵害援用宪法进行保护的先例,也是我国宪法司法化的开端。本文拟对宪法司法化问题作初步讨论,以期抛砖引玉。



一、宪法司法化的发展脉络



宪法司法化,主要是指宪法可以像其它法律法规一样进入司法程序,直接作为裁判案件的法律依据[1]。在宪法司法化情况下,对于的公民最重要的权利或者基本权利,无论是何种形态的保护——消极的抑或是积极的保护——都越来越依赖于司法机关的权力。司法机关主要是法院以司法判决、违宪或者合宪审查等方式对公民的宪法权利予以保障。由司法机关对宪法权利进行保障在许多国家已经成为惯例。宪法司法化也不是从来就有的,它是法治与宪政的产物。早在1803年,美国联邦最高法院在审理治安法官马伯里诉麦迪逊一案(Marbury V Madsion)时,首席大法官马歇尔(John Marshall)在该案的判决中宣布:“立法机关制定的与宪法相抵触的法律无效”。此案奠定了美国司法审查制度(Judicial Review),即联邦法院法官可以宪法为依据审查联邦国会的立法和行政部门的命令是否符合宪法。由此开创了宪法司法化的先河。继美国之后,奥地利于1919年创立了宪法法院。法国在1946年建立了宪法委员会,作为宪法的监督和保障机关。1958年,经过一系列的改革,法国建立了宪法会议,这一组织,积极介入公民宪法权利争议案件之中,以有影响力的案例实现了对公民宪法权利的保障。德国在1949年通过基本法,建立了独立的宪法法院系统专属处理权力机关之间的宪法争议和个人提出的宪法申诉。目前,宪法司法化无论是在英美法系国家还是在大陆法系国家都得到了广泛认同,它已经成为世界各国普遍的做法。



二、宪法司法化的生长因素



宪法司法化的产生并非偶然,它之所以倍受世界各国青睐与以下因素有关。

首先,从宪法和普通法律法规的关系来讲,普通法律法规是宪法的具体化和量化。普通法律法规对宪法所规定的内容进行了较为详细的阐述和扩展,使宪法规范的内容更加具体的展现出来;同时在普通法律法规的这种阐述过程中,宪法所规定的有关内容例如国家机关的权限范围、公民的权利限度进行了量化,并对超过法律规定的度的行为进行相应的惩罚。普通法律法规的这种具体化和量化必须以宪法规范的内容为制约和纲要。从总体上,宪法作为根本大法因具有原则性、政策性而无具体惩罚性或者弱制裁性,所以它对公民权利的保护是存在缺陷的。因此,在宪法非司法化的情况下,只有通过具体化和量化的法律才能将这些权利落到实处。但是由于普通法律法规不可能包罗万象、完美无缺,因此,许多权利实际上并未得到具体化与量化。无救济则无权利,为兑现司法最终解决原则,在上述情况下,法官不得不求助于普通法律的源头即宪法予以判案。

其次,从宪法和法官的关系上来看,宪法通常被视为法治国家的生命之树,法官则成为看护这棵树的园丁。由此可见,法官在宪政发展史中处于积极的地位。例如,在美国的Brown V. Board of Education一案中最高法院确立了“隔离不平等”原则推翻了Plessy V. Ferguson一案中确立的“隔离且平等”的原则,[2]宪法成为判断案件的最高准则和价值依据[3]。两案中,最高法院的法官同样是依据宪法第14修正案却得出了两个不同的结论,这说明英美法系法官本来就被视为造法者,“法律无非是法官所宣读出来的内容”,法院的职责只是“通过对法律原则的不断重述并赋予他们不间断的,新的内容来使他们与道德习俗保持同步”[2]。而大陆法系学者则认为,法官只是严格依照法律办事的法匠。在我国法治之下,法官的地位比较尴尬,法官既不是法匠也不是“造法者”,我国司法裁判的地位不高,既没有严格的司法审查制度也没有确立司法最终解决原则。因此,在法律的空隙中,法官也没有太多的自由裁量权,其行为范围也比较狭窄。实行宪法司法化也是我国法官地位逐渐提高的产物和表现,也是树立司法权威的必然要求。应当认为权利不只是靠司法救济才能够实现,但是法律应对权利的保障排除障碍,在任何情况下,法院都不能拒绝权利的救济请求。

最后,宪法司法化是公民法律意识、权利意识增强的必然要求。我国法制化的进程就是公民权利意识逐渐觉醒的过程。没有救济就没有权利,没有救济的权利就不是权利。宪法是母法,我国宪法规定的各项基本权利绝大多数已由其他法律具体化和量化,公民对已经被具体化和量化的基本权利的侵犯可以直接寻求司法救济,但是对于没有被具体化和量化的基本权利的侵犯,如果不从其它法律的源头即宪法中寻求司法救济,那么基本权利不再是基本权利,甚至不再是权利。在权利意识逐渐觉醒的时代,这些“沉睡”的权利不再是“无主物”。宪法司法化是司法最终解决或者最终救济原则的必然要求。宪法救济使得公民的某些处于“悬空”状态的基本权利有了法律保障,可以说在一定程度上,宪法司法化是公民基本权利保障的最后一根救命稻草。



三、我国宪法司法化的艰难抉择



长期以来,在我国形成了宪法不能作为裁判直接依据的司法惯例,造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。首先,宪法规范本身具有原则性,其规范模式特别是对公民权利的规范是授权性质的,没有对违反宪法的行为的后果进行相应的规定,常常使得法官认为援引不具有操作性的宪法条文没有必要。其次我国宪法作为高于其他法律的根本大法,具有纲领性、政策性,往往和国家的大政方针联系在一起,因而很久以来,我们一直没有树立宪法为法的观念,让根本大法降格去解决刑法、民法等鸡毛蒜皮的小问题在绝大多数人看来实在是荒唐之举。最后是最高人民法院的司法解释捆住了自己的手脚。其一是1955年最高人民法院在给新疆自治区高级人民法院的批复中认为,在刑事诉讼中不宜援引宪法作论罪科刑的依据。其二是1986年最高人民法院在江苏省高院的批复中对是否引用宪法条文进行裁判采取了回避的态度。对此,有人曾批评道:“正是基于这两个颇具‘暧昧’色彩的司法解释的误导,中国司法机关形成了拒绝适用宪法判案的僵化的思维定势和司法惯例。”[3]

迟来的惊喜往往更让人兴奋异常。此次,最高人民法院的批复可以说是对旧观念的大胆突破,如果以此为契机,能够在我国构建以司法为中心的违宪审查制度,那么称这个批复是中国宪政史上的里程碑绝不为过。首先,宪法司法化有助于保障人权。现实中,宪法规定的公民所享有的基本权利往往因为缺乏普通法律法规的具体化、量化而长期处于休眠状态,无法得到真正实现。由于宪法具有高度的原则性和概括性,一般能够适应社会关系不断发展变化的要求,因此实行宪法司法化能够弥补普通法律法规的缺陷和漏洞,使宪法规范从静态走向动态,将宪法规定的各项权利落到实处。其次,宪法司法化有助于实现法治。宪法规定了国家政治生活和社会生活等具有全局意义的问题,在整个法律体系中处于母法地位,具有最高的法律效力]和权威。因此,实现法治、依法治国首先是依宪治国,树立法律权威首先是树立宪法的权威。而依宪治国、树立宪法的权威不应当停留在纸面上,对于违宪事件或者违宪争议,宪法不应保持沉默,而应将其纳入司法轨道,唯于此,法律才不至于成为摆设,法制观念才能暖人心田。最后,宪法司法化有助于推动宪政。长期以来,我国一直不缺宪法,宪法至少从纸面上获得了非常崇高的地位。但是有一部全面规定公民基本权利和宪制政府权力的宪法不一定有宪政。现实生活中违宪现象可谓司空见惯,而由于我国长期以来形成的宪法不能作裁判依据的司法惯例与思维定势,有关国家机关对此只能束手无策。如果实行宪法司法化,那么就能激活纸面上的宪法,在司法过程中凸显宪法最高法律效力与权威,使宪法确立的公民基本权利再无具体法律法规规定或规定不明确时变成现实,时国家机关、组织或者个人的违宪行为得到有效地追究与纠正。只有这样,徒具口号意义的宪政才能转变为活生生的现实。



四、我国宪法司法化的可能障碍


青海省基本建设项目简化审批程序办法(试行)

青海省人民政府


青海省基本建设项目简化审批程序办法(试行)
青海省人民政府



为了实施中央西部大开发战略,扩大对外开放,创造良好的投资环境,切实做好招商引资工作,加快经济建设步伐,现结合我省实际,制定本试行办法。
第一条 鼓励外商以及香港、澳门、台湾和内地的各类经济组织和个人到青海投资。
第二条 鼓励投资的领域
1、基础设施建设。交通运输、邮电通讯、电力、水利、城市设施等基础设施建设和环境保护等项目。
2,生态环境治理。环青海湖地区的生态治理与保护江河源生态环境综合治理,柴达木盆地荒漠化治理,共和盆地塔拉滩生态治理,经济林种植和综合开发利用等。
3、特色经济。盐湖资源综合利用开发,水电资源开发,石油天然气资源开发,有色金属资源开发及冶金、医药、建材和农畜产品加工业。
4、南技术产业的开发。集约化农业,电子信息,新 材料,先进制造业及高效节能、生物技术等新兴产业。
5、具有高原特色的动植物、中藏药资源的规模开 和高技术开发,并贯彻可持续发展的原则。
6、旅游。河湟流域、青海湖、格尔木、青南地区、国家级森林公园开发旅游景区,兴办娱乐设施,更新旅游设备,开发旅游产品等。
7、社会事业。教育、卫生、文化、体育等社会事业设施建设。
8、房地产业。旧城改造和房地产开发。
9、对现有机械、电子、纺织、食品、化工、建材等国有企业进行嫁接改造,提高技术水平和生产能力。
10、允许依法取得探矿权,鼓励进行矿产资源风险勘探。
11、扩大产品外销,增加出口创汇的项目。
第三条 凡符合国家产业政策和行业、地区发展规划,使用自筹资金、银行贷款等自行融资资金,自行平衡建设条件和生产条件,投资在2亿元以内的项目,按照“谁投资,谁决策,谁收益,谁承担风险”的原则,由项目法人自主决策。计划部门不再对项目进行审批,项目实行备案制?
?
第四条 外商来我省投资项目(中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业的投资项目以及其他形式的外商投资项目)华侨、香港、澳门、台湾地区来我省投资项目,属国家发布的《外商投资产业指导目录》鼓励类的投资项目,均实行各案制。
第五条 以下范围内的项目建设按照现行基本建设程序办理;
1、国家产业政策限制和控制发展的项目。
2、关系国计民生、国家安全和污染环境的项目。
3、盐湖资源综合开发利用中需综合平衡重要资源的项目。
4、需要通过国家综合平衡信贷资金的项目。
5、需要由省计委报批和政府投资的项目。
6、总投资在2亿元以上项目。
第六条 实行备案制的项目,总投资在3000万元以下在州、地、市和计划单列市(县)计委备案;总投资在3000万元至1亿元的,在省发展计划委员会备案;总投资在1--2亿元之间,由省计委审核后报省政府备案。
第七条 对实行备案制的项目计划部门在收到备案文件5个工作日内不提出异议,即视为同意。
第八条 项目具备开工条件后,必须在备案地统计部门办理开工登记。
第九条 本办法自发布之目起试行。
第十条 本试行办法由省发展计划委员会负责解释。



2000年7月13日

关于设立外商投资股份有限公司若干问题的暂行规定(附英文)

对外贸易经济合作部


关于设立外商投资股份有限公司若干问题的暂行规定(附英文)
1995年1月10日,对外贸易经济合作部

第一条 为进一步扩大国际经济技术合作和交流,引进外资,促进社会主义商品经济的发展,外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人(以下简称外国股东),按照平等互利的原则,可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织(以下简称中国股东)在中国境内,共同举办外商投资股份有限公司(以下简称公司)。
第二条 本规定所称的外商投资股份有限公司是指依本规定设立的,全部资本由等额股份构成,股东以其所认购的股份对公司承担责任,公司以全部财产对公司债务承担责任,中外股东共同持有公司股份。外国股东购买并持有的股份占公司注册资本25%以上的企业法人。
第三条 公司为外商投资企业的一种形式,适用国家法律、法规对于外商投资企业的有关规定。
第四条 设立公司应符合国家有关外商投资企业产业政策的规定。国家鼓励设立技术先进的生产型公司。
第五条 公司可采取发起方式或者募集方式设立。
第六条 以发起方式设立的公司,除应符合公司法规定的发起人的条件外,其中至少有一个发起人应为外国股东。
以募集方式设立的公司,除应符合前款条件外,其中至少有一个发起人还应有募集股份前3年连续盈利的记录,该发起人为中国股东时,应提供其近3年经过中国注册会计师审计的财务会计报告;该发起人为外国股东时,应提供该外国股东居所所在地注册会计师审计的财务报告。
第七条 公司的注册资本应为在登记注册机关登记注册的实收股本总额,公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币3千万元。其中外国股东购买并持有的股份应不低于公司注册资本的25%。
第八条 股东认购的股份的转让应符合本规定第七条所规定的条件。发起人股份的转让,须在公司设立登记3年后进行,并经公司原审批机关批准。
第九条 发起人达成设立公司协议后,可共同委托一发起人办理设立公司的申请手续。具体程序是:
(一)申请人向其省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市政府主管部门(以下称主管部门)提交设立公司的申请书、可行性研究报告、资产评估报告等文件。
以募集方式设立公司的,申请人还须提交招股说明书。
(二)上述文件经主管部门审查同意后,由主管部门转报省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经贸部门。上述文件经省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经贸部门核准后,发起人正式签定设立公司的协议、章程。
(三)发起人签定设立公司的协议、章程,报省、自治区、直辖市对外经贸部门审查同意后,报对外贸易经济合作部审查批准。对外贸易经济合作部在45日内决定批准或不批准。
第十条 发起人提交的各项文件必须用中文书写。在发起人各方认为需要时,可商定再用一种外文书写,但以审批生效的中文文本为准。
第十一条 设立公司的申请书应概要说明:
(一)发起人的名称、住所、法定代表人;
(二)组建公司的名称、住所及宗旨;
(三)公司设立方式、股本总额、类别、每股面值、发起人认购比例、股份募集范围和途径;
(四)发起人的生产经营情况,包括近3年生产经营、资产与负债、利润等情况(限于以募集方式设立公司的发起人);
(五)公司的资金投向及经营范围;
(六)提出申请的时间,发起人的法定代表签名并加盖发起人单位公章;
(七)其他需要说明的事项。
第十二条 发起人协议应包括以下主要内容:
(一)发起人的名称、住所、法定代表人的姓名、国籍、住所、职务;
(二)组建公司的名称、住所;
(三)公司的宗旨、经营范围;
(四)公司设立的方式、组织形式;
(五)公司注册资本、股份总额、类别、发起人认购股份的数额、形式及期限;
(六)发起人的权利和义务;
(七)违约责任;
(八)适用法律及争议的解决;
(九)协议的生效与终止;
(十)订立协议的时间、地点,发起人签字;
(十一)其他需要载明的事项。
第十三条 发起人设立公司的协议、章程经对外贸易经济合作部批准后,发起人应在30日内凭对外贸易经济合作部颁发的批准证书到银行开立专用帐户。发起人应自批准证书签发之日起90日内一次缴足其认购的股份。发起人在公司发行的股份缴足之前应承担连带认缴责任。公司不能设立时,发起人为设立行为所发生的费用和债务负连带责任。
第十四条 以发起方式设立公司的,发起人按本规定第十一条的规定缴足其认购的股份后,应当选举董事会和监事会,由董事会向公司登记机关报送设立公司的批准文件、公司章程、验资证明等文件,申请设立登记。
以募集方式设立公司的,发行股份的股数缴足后,必须经法定的验资机构验资并出具证明。发起人应当在30日内主持召开公司创立大会,并选举董事会、监事会,董事会应于创立大会结束后30日内,向公司登记机关报送设立公司的批准文件、公司章程、验资证明、创立大会的会议记录等文件,申请设立登记。
公司登记机关自接到全部登记文件之日起30天内完成登记注册手续,并颁发营业执照。
第十五条 已设立中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业(以下简称外商投资企业),如申请转变为公司的,应有最近连续3年的盈利记录。由原外商投资企业的投资者作为公司的发起人(或与其他发起人)签定设立公司的协议、章程,报原外商投资企业所在地的审批机关初审同意后转报对外贸易经济合作部审批。
申请转变应报送下列文件:
(一)原外商投资企业的合同、章程;
(二)原外商投资企业董事会关于企业改组的决议;
(三)原外商投资企业投资者关于终止原合同、章程的决议;
(四)原外商投资企业资产评估报告;
(五)发起人(包括但不限于原外商投资企业投资者)协议;
(六)公司章程;
(七)原外商投资企业的营业执照、批准证书,最近连续3年的财务报告;
(八)设立公司的申请书;
(九)发起人的资信证明;
(十)可行性研究报告。
第十六条 上述申请经对外贸易经济合作部批准后,发起人应自批准证书签发并缴足其认购的股本金后向公司登记机关办理变更登记手续。
第十七条 外商投资企业变更登记为公司后,原外商投资企业的一切权利、义务全部转由公司承担。
外商投资企业的中外投资者在原外商投资企业合同、章程中承诺的义务,应列入发起人协议及章程,同样适用所设立的公司。
第十八条 国有企业、集体所有制企业如申请转变为公司的,除符合本规定其他条款的规定外,还须符合以下条件:
(一)该企业至少营业5年并有最近连续3年的盈利记录;
(二)外国股东以可自由兑换的外币购买并持有该企业的股份占该企业注册资本的25%以上;
(三)企业的经营范围符合外商投资企业产业政策。
中外股东作为发起人签定设立公司的协议、章程,报企业所在地审批机关初审同意后转报对外贸易经济合作部审批。
申请转变应报送下列文件:
(一)原企业资产评估报告;
(二)设立公司的申请书;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)发起人协议;
(五)公司章程;
(六)原企业的营业执照、最近连续3年的资产负债表;
(七)发起人的资信证明;
(八)其他必要的文件。
第十九条 上述申请经对外贸易经济合作部批准后,发起人应自批准证书签发并缴足其认购的股本金后向公司登记机关办理变更登记手续。
第二十条 股份有限公司申请转变为公司的,除符合本规定其他条款的规定外,还须符合以下条件:
(一)该股份有限公司是经国家正式批准设立的;
(二)外国股东以可自由兑换的外币购买并持有该股份有限公司的股份占公司注册资本的25%以上;
(三)股份有限公司的经营范围符合外商投资企业产业政策。
第二十一条 股份有限公司通过向社会公开发行人民币特种股票(B股),申请转变为公司的,应报送如下文件:
(一)股东大会对转变为公司的决议;
(二)原股份有限公司资产评估报告;
(三)申请转变为公司的报告;
(四)原股份有限公司章程的补充、修改协议;
(五)证券管理部门批准公开发行人民币特种股票(B股)的文件;
(六)其它必要的文件。
第二十二条 股份有限公司通过增资扩股或转股发行外国股东持有的股份,申请转变为公司的,除报送前条第(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)款规定的文件外,还应报送股份有限公司与定向购股人的购股协议等其他必要的文件。
第二十三条 股份有限公司在境外发行境外上市外资股(包括但不限于H股和N股)并在境外上市申请转变为公司的,除报送第二十一条第(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)款规定的文件外还应报送如下文件:
(一)证券管理部门批准境外上市的文件;
(二)境外证券机构批准原股份有限公司股票上市的文件;
(三)境外上市的原股份有限公司股票交易情况。
第二十四条 上述申请经对外贸易经济合作部批准后,原股份有限公司应持批准证书和公司的募股证明向工商行政管理机关办理变更登记手续。
第二十五条 本暂行规定未规定的公司的其它事宜,按《公司法》、“国务院关于股份有限公司境外募集股份及上市的特别规定”及有关规定办理。
第二十六条 凡属外商投资企业改组成公司的,其减免税等优惠期限,不再重新计算。
第二十七条 香港、澳门、台湾地区的公司、企业、其它经济组织或个人,在大陆投资设立公司的,准用此暂行规定。
第二十八条 本暂行规定由对外贸易经济合作部负责解释。

Provisional Regulations of the Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Cooperation on Certain Issues Concerning the Establishment ofCompanies Limited by Shares with Foreign Investment

(Promulgated on January 10, 1995)

Whole document
Provisional Regulations of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation on Certain Issues Concerning the Establishment of
Companies Limited by Shares with Foreign Investment
(Promulgated on January 10, 1995)
Article 1
In order to further expand international economic co-operation and
technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the
development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises
and other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to
as foreign shareholders) may incorporate themselves into a company limited
by shares with foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as the company)
with Chinese companies, enterprises or other economic organizations
(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders) within Chinese territory
on the principle of equality and mutual benefit.
Article 2
In these Regulations, the term "a company limited by shares with
foreign investment" refers to an enterprise legal person established in
accordance with these Regulations, with the entire capital being divided
into shares of equal value, where the shareholders bear responsibilities
to the company to the extent of the number of the shares they hold and the
company bears responsibilities for its debts with all its assets, and
where the Chinese and foreign shareholders jointly hold the company's
stock, with the shares subscribed and held by foreign shareholders being
more than twenty-five per cent of the company's registered capital.
Article 3
The company is one of the forms of enterprises with foreign investment
and shall be governed by the relevant laws and regulations of the state
concerning enterprises with foreign investment.
Article 4
The establishment of such company shall be in conformity with the
state industrial policies concerning foreign investment. The state
encourages the establishment of production-oriented enterprises using
advanced technologies.
Article 5
The company may be established by means of promotion or offer.
Article 6
The company set up by means of promotion shall meet the conditions as
provided for in the Company Law on promoters, with at least one of the
promoters being a foreign shareholder.
The company established by means of offer shall meet the requirements
as provided for in the preceding paragraph, with at least one of the
promoters having records of continuously making profits in the recent
three consecutive years prior to the offer. In case the aforementioned
promoter is a Chinese shareholder, the last three years' financial
statements audited by a Chinese certified public accountant should be
furnished. In case the aforementioned promoter is a foreign shareholder,
the financial statements audited by a certified public accountant
registered in its country of residence should be furnished.
Article 7
The registered capital of the company shall be the total share capital
registered with the registration authority and actually paid in. The
minimum amount of the registered capital of the company shall be RMB 30
million, with the shares subscribed and held by foreign shareholders being
no less than twenty-five per cent of the registered capital.
Article 8
The transfer of the shares subscribed by the shareholders shall meet
the conditions stipulated in Article 7 of these Regulations. The
promoters' shares may be transferred after three years from the date of
registration of the company, subject to the approval by the original
examination and approval authority.
Article 9
After the promoters conclude an agreement to establish the company,
they may jointly entrust one of them to handle all matters regarding the
application for setting up the company. The detailed procedures are as
follows:
(1) the applicant shall submit an application for the setting up of
the company, feasibility study report, asset evaluation report, etc. to
the competent departments of the provinces, autonomous regions,
municipalities directly under Central Government and cities with
independent planning (hereinafter referred to as the competent
departments) where the applicant is located. Prospectus shall also be
submitted for the application of establishing a company through offer of
shares.
(2) the aforementioned documents, upon examination by and with the
consent of the competent departments, shall be submitted, through the
competent departments, to the foreign economic and trade departments of
the same provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under
Central Government and cities with independent planning. Upon approval of
the documents by foreign economic and trade departments, the promoters
shall officially sign an agreement for the establishment of the company
and its articles of association. And
(3) the agreement for the establishment of the company and the
articles of association signed by the promoters shall, upon examination by
and with consent of the foreign economic and trade departments of the
provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central
Government and cities with independent planning, be submitted to the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic cooperation for examination and
approval. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation shall
decide to approve or disapprove it within 45 days.
Article 10
All kinds of documents provided by the promoters shall be written in
the Chinese language. Where all promoters consider it necessary, a foreign
language agreed upon by all the promoters can be used simultaneously.
However, the examined, approved and effectuated Chinese version shall be
authentic.
Article 11
The application for establishing a company shall lay down the
following:
(1) names, domiciles and the legal representative of the promoters;
(2) name, domicile and aims of the company to be established;
(3) method to establish the company, total value of shares, share
category, value per share, proportion of the shares subscribed by
promoters and the scope and means of the offer;
(4) the production and management situations of the promoters,
including information about production and management, assets and
liabilities and profitabilities in the recent three years (only applicable
to promoters who establish a company by means of offer);
(5) the fields of capital investment and business scope of the
company;
(6) time of the application, signature of the legal representative of
the promoters and official stamp of the promoters' unit; and.
(7) other matters that need to be elaborated.
Article 12
The promoters' agreement shall include the following main contents:
(1) names and domiciles of the promoters; name, nationality, domicile
and post of the legal representative;
(2) name and domicile of the company to be established;
(3) objectives and business scope of the company;
(4) means of establishment and structure of the company;
(5) the company's registered capital, total shares, share category
and the number, form and subscription period of the shares subscribed by
promoters;
(6) rights and obligations of the promoters;
(7) liability for breach of agreement;
(8) application of law and settlement of disputes;
(9) effectiveness and termination of the agreement;
(10) time and place of signature of the agreement, signature of the
promoters; and
(11) other matters that need to be notified.
Article 13
After the promoters' agreement to establish the company and the
articles of association are approved by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation, the promoters shall, within 30 days, open a
special-purpose bank account with a bank by presenting the certificate of
approval issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation.
The promoters shall make full payment in one installment of all the shares
subscribed within 90 days from the date of issue of the certificate of
approval. The promoters shall undertake the joint and several liability
for the subscription before all the capital subscribed to the company by
themselves is paid. The promoters are also jointly liable for the debts
and expenses arising from actions to establish the company if the company
fails to be established.
Article 14
Where the company is established by means of promotion, after the
promoters have made full payment for shares subscribed in accordance with
the provisions of Article 11, an election for the board of directors and
the board of supervisors shall be made. The board of directors shall
submit the document of approval to establish the company, articles of
association, certificate of capital verification, etc. to the
registration authority and apply for the registration.
Where the company is established by means of offer, after the full
payment has been made for the shares issued, it must be verified and given
certificate by an authorized investment verification organization. The
promoters shall within 30 days, hold the founding meeting of the company
and elect the board of directors and the board of supervisors. The board
of directors shall submit document of approval, the company's articles of
association, certificate of capital verification, memorandum of the
founding meeting, etc. to the registration authority to apply for the
registration.
The registration authority shall complete the registration formalities
and issue the business licence within 30 days after it receives all
documents for registration.
Article 15
Where existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign
cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises
(hereinafter referred to as "enterprises with foreign investment") apply
to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign
investment must have a record of making profits for the recent 3
consecutive years. The investors of the original foreign investment
enterprises shall act as the promoters (or together with other promoters)
to sign the agreement for the set up of the company and the articles of
association and then submit them to the original examination and approval
authority in the location of the original foreign investment enterprise
for preliminary examination and approval and onward submission to the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for final approval.
The following documents shall be submitted where an enterprise with
foreign investment applies for such reorganization:
(1) contract, articles of association of the original enterprise with
foreign investment;
(2) decision of the board of directors of the original enterprise with
foreign investment on the reorganization of the enterprise;
(3) agreement of the investors of the original foreign investment
enterprise on the termination of the original contract and articles of
association;
(4) asset evaluation report of the original enterprise with foreign
investment;
(5) the promoter's (including but not limited to the investors of the
original enterprise with foreign investment) agreement;
(6) articles of association of the company;
(7) business licence, certificate of approval, and the financial
report of the recent 3 consecutive years;
(8) application letter for the establishment of the company;
(9) the promoters' credit references; and
(10) feasibility study report.
Article 16
After the foregoing applications are approved by the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the promoters shall go through the
procedure of alteration of registration after the issuance of approval
certificate and full payment of the capital shares subscribed.
Article 17
Upon the completion of the formalities for the alteration of
registration, all the rights and obligations of the original enterprise
with foreign investment shall be fully assumed by the company.
The obligations committed by the Chinese and foreign investors of the
enterprise with foreign investment in the original contract and articles
of association should be specified in the promoter's agreement and
articles of association and made applicable to the company to be
established.
Article 18
A state-owned enterprise or a collectively-owned enterprise which
applies for reorganizing itself into a company shall meet the following
requirements in addition to other provisions as provided for in these
Regulations:
(1) the enterprise shall have an operational period of no less than
five years, and have records of taking profits in the recent three
consecutive years;
(2) shares of the enterprise as subscribed with freely convertible
foreign currencies and held by foreign shareholders shall take more than
twenty-five per cent of the registered capital of the enterprise; and
(3) the business scope of the enterprise shall be in line with the
state's industrial policies for enterprises with foreign investment.
The agreement for the setting up of the company and the articles of
association signed by Chinese and foreign shareholders as promoters shall
be submitted to the local examination and approval authority for
preliminary examination and approval and onward submission to the Ministry
of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation for final approval.
The following documents shall be submitted in order to apply for the
reorganization:
(1) asset evaluation report of the enterprise;
(2) application letter for the establishment of the company;
(3) feasibility study report;
(4) promoters' agreement;
(5) the company's articles of association;
(6) business license and balance sheets for the recent three
consecutive years of the enterprises;
(7) credit references of the promoters; and
(8) other necessary documents.
Article 19
Upon the approval by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation for the above mentioned application, the promoters shall,
after the issuance of the approval certificate and full payment of the
share capital subscribed, apply to the registration authority for the
alteration of registration.
Article 20
A company limited by shares applying for reorganizing itself into the
company shall meet the following requirements in addition to other
provisions as provided for in these Regulations:
(1) the establishment of the company limited by shares was duly
approved by the State;
(2) the shares subscribed with freely convertible foreign currencies
and held by Foreign Shareholders shall take more than twenty-five per cent
of the company's registered capital; and
(3) the business scope of the company limited by shares shall be in
line with the industrial policies for enterprises with foreign investment.
Article 21
Where a company limited by shares applies to reorganize itself into a
company by means of issuing Renminbi Special Shares (B Shares) to the
public, the following documents shall be submitted:
(1) the decision of the shareholders' meeting on reorganizing itself
into a company;
(2) asset evaluation report of the original company limited by shares;
(3) application report on the reorganizing itself into the company;
(4) agreement on the additions and amendments to the articles of
association of the original company limited by shares;
(5) approval document from the security administration authority on
the public offer of Renminbi Special Shares (B Shares); and
(6) other necessary documents.
Article 22
Where a company limited by shares applies to reorganize itself into a
company by increasing capital and making public offer of new shares or
reverting to offering shares to be held by foreign shareholders, it shall
submit, in addition to the documents set out in item (1), (2), (3) and (4)
in the preceding article, the share subscribing agreement entered into
between the company limited by shares and the specifically-targeted
subscriber (s) as well as other necessary documents.
Article 23
A company limited by shares, which is listed and makes public offer of
shares outside the Chinese territory to foreign investors (including but
not limited to H shares and N shares) and applies for the reorganization
into the company, should submit the following documents in addition to
documents set out in item (1), (2), (3) and (4) of Article 21:
(1) approval document from the security administration authority on
the overseas listing;
(2) approval document from the security administration authority
outside the Chinese territory on the public listing of the original
company limited by shares; and
(3) transaction records of the overseas listed shares of the original
company limited by shares.
Article 24
Upon approval by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation on the above mentioned application, the original company
limited by shares shall apply for the alteration of registration by
presenting the approval document and the public offering certificate to
the administration authority for industry and commerce.
Article 25
Other matters relating to the company that are not provided for in
these Provisional Regulations shall be handled in accordance with the
Company Law and Special Regulations of the State Council on Offer and
Listing of Shares Outside the Territory by Companies Limited by Shares.
Article 26
The tax holidays for tax exemption and reduction etc. shall not be
recalculated for a company reorganized by an enterprise with foreign
investment.
Article 27
These Provisional Regulations are applicable to the companies
established with investment by companies, enterprises, and other economic
organizations or individuals from the regions of Hong Kong, Macao and
Taiwan.
Article 28
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation shall take
charge of the interpretation of these Provisional Regulations.